Age-related Changes in Doublecortin Immunoreactivity and Its Protein Levels in the Dog Main Olfactory Bulb / 대한해부학회지

Doublecortin (DCX), a microtubule-associated protein, expresses specifically in neuronal precursors and used as a marker for neuronal precursors and neurogenesis. In the present study, we observed differences in DCX immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of young adult, middle-aged and aged dogs. In the young adult dog, DCX-immunoreactive cells with well-stained processes were detected in the MOB. DCX immunoreactive cells were decreased in the MOB of middle-aged dog. In the aged dog, DCX immunoreactive cells were more decreased compared to that in the MOB of middle-aged dog. DCX protein level in the dog MOB was also significantly decreased with age. These results suggest that reductions of DCX immunoreactivity and protein levels in the aged MOB may be involved in some neural deficits related to olfactory impairment in the aged dog.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Calretinin and Parvalbumin in the Goat Main Olfactory Bulb / 대한해부학회지

The distributions of calretinin (CR)- and parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactive neurons in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of the goat were examined in this study. As in other animals, the goat MOB has a characteristic laminar structure with laminar types and distribution patterns in each layer. CR-immunoreaction was observed in all layers of the MOB, except for the olfactory nerve layer. Most of CR-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the glomerular and granule cell layers. Relatively small number of CR-immunoreactive neurons was detected in other layers. These CR-immunoreactive neurons were interneurons. PV-immunoreaction was detected in all layers. In contrast to CR, olfactory nerve bundles were immunostained with PV. Most of PV-immunoreactive neurons were distributed in the glomerular and granule cell layers. PV-immunoreactive neurons were interneurons. This result suggests that CR and PV may play important roles in the olfactory signal modulation through interneurons in the goat MOB.

Changes in orexin-A and neuropeptide Y expression in the hypothalamus of the fasted and high-fat diet fed rats

This study was aimed to investigate the changes of orexin-A (OXA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the hypothalamus of the fasted and high-fat diet fed rats. For the experiments, the male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as the model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. The mean loss of body weight (MLBW) did not show the linear pattern during the fasting; from 24 h to 84 h of fastings, the MLBW was not significantly changed. The numbers of OXA-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were decreased at 84 h of fasting compared with those in other five fasting subgroups. The NPY immunoreactivities in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) observed at 84 h of fasting were higher than that observed at 24 h of fasting. The number of OXA-IR neurons of the LHA (lateral hypothalamic area) in the high-fat (HF) diet fed group was more increased than that of the same area in the normal-fat (NF) diet fed group. The NPY immunoreactivities of the ARC and the SCN were higher in HF group than those observed in the same areas of NF group. Based on these results, it is noteworthy that the decrease of the body weight during the fast was not proportionate to the time-course, implicating a possible adaptation of the body for survival against starvation. The HF diet might activate the OXA and the NPY in the LHA to enhance food intake.

Left costocervical vein malformation with anomalous ramification of aortic arch in a dog

This report describes coexistence of anomalous branches of the aortic arch and the costocervical vein malformation in a German shepherd dog. The first branch of the aortic arch was a bicarotid trunk that divided into the left and right common carotid arteries. The next branch to leave the aortic arch was a common trunk for the right and left subclavian arteries, a bisubclavian trunk, which was immediately bifurcated. The right subclavian artery passed over the esophagus forming a deep groove, so-called incomplete vascular ring on the dorsal wall of the esophagus. Although the esophagus was constricted by the right subclavian artery dorsally and by the trachea ventrally, no clinical symptoms of esophageal obstruction and dysphagia were observed. The left costocervical vein coursed caudoventrally, passed over the aortic arch, and entered the left ventricle. This vessel was much smaller than the right costocervical vein and was partially occluded at its origin.

Protective Effects of N-acetylcysteine and Selenium against Doxorubicin Toxicity in Rats

To investigate the neutralizing effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and selenium (Se) aganist doxorubicin (DOX) toxicity in rats, NAC (140 mg/kg, p.o.) and Se (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered for 2 days before DOX injection and then 3 times a week. Cell viability and the level of lipid peroxidation were examined in cultured-rat astrocytes. Severe morphologic changes in the kidney of DOX group; thickening of Bowmans capsule, presence of multifocal tubular casts were observed, but not in the other treated groups. Vacuoles in some hepatic cells and focal aggregation of stellate macrophages were also detected in DOX group, but not in the other treated groups. However, the severe inhibition of spermatogenesis was found in all treated groups. The cell viability of DOX (10 mg/ml) treated group and NAC (5 mM) or Se (0.001 mg/ml) combinedtreated group was 52.5+/-2.0 % , 85.3+/-4.5 % and 75.5+/-1.6 %, respectively. In MDA (malondialdehyde) assay, the level of lipid peroxidation on DOX (10 mg/ml), NAC (5 mM) and Se (0.001 mg/ml) was 0.77+/-0.06, 0.35+/-0.06 and 0.54+/-0.11 nmol/mg protein, respectively. Thus, it is known that NAC and Se have protective effects in kidney and liver but not in the testes. Morphological change was not detected in brain and heart in all groups for experiment period. From this in vitro study, it is known that NAC and Se protect well the astrocytes against DOX induced-cell damage.

Morphological structure of accessory spleen in Chinese hamsters

To attempt a rigorous definition of the structure of the accessory spleen (AS) in the Chinese hamster, we examined twenty-one animals, and found AS in 5 animals (23.8%), which were over 7-month-old. The AS had no connection with the main spleen and was seen as a dark red oval organ (0.7 mm x 1.5 mm), which was embedded in the adipose tissue near the tail of the pancreas. It was demarcated from the adipose tissue and some pancreatic tissue. The organ was encapsulated by thin collagenous connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers, and contained lymphatic nodules, reticular fibers, nodular central arterioles, macrophages and megakaryocytes. Notably the incidence of AS appeared to increase with age in the Chinese hamsters.

Localization and mRNA Expression of Angiogenin in Bovine Ovary / 대한해부학회지

Ovary is one of the organs in which angiogenesis occurs during ovarian cycle. Angiogenesis is associated with angiogenic factor like acidic fibroblast growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and transformation growth factor. Therefore, we performed this study to identify the distribution and mRNA expression of angiogenin, new potential angiogenic factor, in ovary of Korean native cattle by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Angiogenin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression were observed in endothelial cells, fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle cells. However, we could not observed angiogenin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in primordial ovarian follicle. In follicular epithelial cells of primary ovarian follicle, weak angiogenin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression were observed. Follicular epithelial cells, theca interna and externa in secondary ovarian follicles, showed angiogenin immunoreactivity, while follicular epithelial cells did the weak mRNA expression. Angiogenin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression were observed in follicular epithlial cells, theca interna and oocyte in tertiary ovarian follicle. The corpus luteum showed strong immunoreactivity and mRNA expression but atretic follicle weak. However, these angiogenin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression became to be weaker during regression. These results suggest that angiogenin may play a role as not only an angiogenic factor but a growth factor in ovary.

Double Immunohistochemical Studies on Distribution and Coexistence with Putative Neurotransmitters and Calretinin in Trigeminal Ganglion of Korean Native Goat / 대한해부학회지

The present study was undertaken to investigate the morphological characteristics of trigeminal ganglion in Korean native goat (Capra hircus) by immunohistochemical methods. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), galanin (GAL) and calretinin (CR) immunoreactivities by immunohistochemical method were observed in the neurons of trigeminal ganglion with populations of 43.75%, 26.01%, 4.98%, and 14.33%, respectively. In double immunohistochemical study, CGRP immunoreactivity was proven to be present in SP (93.93%) and GAL (100%) immunoreactive neurons. SP immunoreactivity was observed in CGRP (36.12%) and GAL (100%) immunore-active neurons. GAL immunoreactivity was colocalized with 8.14% of CGRP and 15.47% of SP immunoreactive neurons. However, CR immunoreactivity was not observed in CGRP, SP and GAL immunoreactive neurons. These findings exhibit that Korean native goat differs from other mammalian species in the distribution and localization of neurochemical substances in trigeminal ganglion, and suggest that these differences may be related with neuroanatomical characteristics.

Immunohistochemical Localization of Adenohypophyseal Gonadotropes in Korean Native Goat , Capra hircus / 대한해부학회지

The localizations and morphological characteristics of gonadotropes in the adenohypophy-sis of Korean native goat were investigated with double immunohistochemistry. The gonadotropes were present in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis, but not in the pars intermedta. Gonadotropes occupied about 49.0% of the cells in the pars distalis in females, and about 40.8% in males. Three types of gonadotropes ; FSH immunoreactive cells[FSH cells], LH immunoreac-tive cells[LH cells], and FSH and LH immunoreactive cells[FSH/LH cell], were identified according to their immunoreactivities for FSH and LH antisera. The possessional perce-ntages of FSH cells, LH cells and FSH/LH cells were 1.1%, 40.6%, 58.3% in females and 1.8%, 30.0%, 68.8% in males, respectively. FSH/LH cells were large and oval or round in shape. These cells were distributed throughout the pars distalis, but were more abundant on the dorsal part adjacent to the hypophyseal cavity and along the lateral and ventral peripheral regions. LH cells were smaller than other gonadotropes and were observed throughout the pars distalis, but predominant in the central region. FSH cells were large and oval in shape. These cells were intercalated between FSH/LH cells.

The Studies on Central Neural Axis to Innervate Rat Digastric Muscle / 대한해부학회지

The present study has been performed to investigate the neural axis of rat digastric muscle using viral tracer, pseudorabies virus. The upper nuclei to innervate digastric muscle were in accumbens nucleus, agran-ular insular cortex, central nucleus of amygaloid, lateral septal nucleus, frontal cortex, and subfornical organ etc, in telencephalon ; arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypot-halamic area, medial preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsomedial hypot-halamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and retrochiasmatic area etc, in diencephalon ; nucleus Darkschewitsch, interstitial nucleus of the medial logitudinal fasciculus, parabrachial nucleus, locus ceruleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, nucleus of posterior commissure, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and dorsal raphe nucleus etc, in mesencephalon ; giganto-cellular reticular nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe obscuous nucleus, nucleus of solitary tracts, lateral reticular nucleus, parvocellular reticular nucleus, area postrema, facial nucleus, pontine reticular nucleus, pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve etc, in rhombencephalon. There are significant difference of numbers of PRV-Ba immunoreactive cells between right and left sides of brain in almost nuclei[P< 0.05]. But PRV-Ba immunoreactive cells were observed only ipsilaterally in accessory trigeminal motor nucleus, accessory facial nucleus and agranular insular cortex. Frontal cortex was the only area which were shown contralateral immunoreactivity. The results of this study provide anatomical support that both the cranial and caudal bellies are innervated by the same upper nuclei. The results also support the suggestion that the lower nuclei of digastric muscle, accessory trigeminal motor nucleus and accessory facial nucleus consist of somatotopic motor complex.

Immunohistochemical Studies on Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Cell in Rat Brain / 대한해부학회지

These studies were performed to identify the localization, and neuronal function of calcitonin gene-related peptide[CGRP] in the neural axis of rat stomach by retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical techniques. After injection of pseudorabies virus Bartha strain[PRV] as tracer between serosa and muscle layer of stomach, the rats were perfused and the brains were removed. PRV-immunoreactive cells were observed in central nucleus of amygdaloid, insular cortex, subfornical organ, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, organum vasculosum of terminalis, suprachiasmatic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, K lliker-Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, locus ceruleus, A1 noradrenaline area, A5 noradrenaline area, area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius and raphe nuclei. CGRP-immunoreactive cells are observed in insular cortex, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, parabrachial nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarisu, neucleus ambiguus, facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus and raphe nuclei. The dobule immunofluorescent study was carried out to examine the coexistence of CGRP and PRV in several nuclei : insular cortex, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, later hypithalamic area, parabrachial nucleus, area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius and raphe nuclei. At the results of double immunofluorescent study, we could not observe the double immunoreactive neurons CGRP and PRV in those nuclei but raphe nuclei. These results suggest that CGRP should not have a neural functions in the neurons in nuclei projecting to rat stomach except raphe nuclei.

Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the Korean native goat / 대한해부학회지

No abstract available.